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Neurodiversity Series: Understanding Key Terms in the Neurodiversity Space

It can sometimes be hard to know what the different terms in the neurodiversity space mean, particularly if you’re just starting out on your discovery journey. Whether you’re considering an assessment, newly diagnosed/discovered, or simply curious, this article provides a clear, succinct explanation of some key terms, including neurodiversity, neurodivergence, neuroaffirmative approaches, autism, and ADHD.

What Is Neurodiversity?

Neurodiversity is the idea that neurolodevelopmental differences—like autism, ADHD, dyslexia, and others—are natural variations of the human brain. Coined by sociologist Judy Singer in the 1990’s, the term challenges the idea that there is one “normal” way to think, learn, or process information.

Neurodiversity recognises that:

  • Everyone has a unique brain and way of experiencing the world.
  • These differences should be valued and respected, not “fixed” or erased.
  • Society benefits when diverse ways of thinking are embraced.

What Does It Mean to Be Neurodivergent?

Neurodivergence refers to individuals whose brains function in ways that diverge from the dominant neurotypical (non-neurodivergent) norms. This includes people with autism, ADHD, and other neurological differences.

Being neurodivergent doesn’t mean something is wrong with you—it’s simply a different way of experiencing, understanding, and interacting with the world.

What Does Neuroaffirmative Mean?

Being neuroaffirmative means embracing and respecting neurodiversity as a natural and valuable part of human variation. It’s a perspective that recognises neurodivergent individuals—such as autistic people and those with ADHD—not as "disordered" or in need of fixing but as individuals with unique strengths, challenges, and ways of experiencing the world. A neuroaffirmative approach focuses on understanding and supporting neurodivergent people in ways that honour their needs, preferences, and identities. This includes challenging stigma, reducing harmful stereotypes, and advocating for acceptance, accommodations, and inclusion in all areas of life. In short, being neuroaffirmative is about celebrating neurodivergence and creating a world where everyone can thrive as their authentic selves.

What Is Autism?

In the medical model, autism is described as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and positioned as a neurodevelopmental condition characterised by differences in communication, sensory processing, social interaction, and patterns of behaviour. The term "disorder" reflects the medical framework, which often focuses on challenges or deficits in functioning. However, many autistic individuals and advocates prefer a neuroaffirmative perspective, which views autism as a natural variation in how human brains work and highlights the strengths, creativity, and unique perspectives of autistic people.

From a neuroaffirmative standpoint, autism is not a "disorder" to be fixed but a different way of experiencing and interacting with the world. This perspective recognises traits like deep focus on special interests, heightened sensory awareness, and innovative problem-solving as valuable aspects of being autistic. Challenges often arise not from autism itself but from navigating a world designed for non-neurodivergent ways of thinking and being. Embracing this view shifts the focus from “what’s wrong” to understanding, accommodating, and celebrating autistic strengths and differences.

Some Aspects of the Autistic Experience Include:

  • Social Interaction - Autistic people often approach social connections differently, sometimes preferring direct communication or needing more time to process social cues.
  • Sensory Experiences - Many autistic individuals are more sensitive to sensory input, like bright lights, loud sounds, or strong smells, while others may seek more sensory input.
  • Special Interests - Deep focus on topics of interest, often with a passion that brings immense joy and fulfilment.
  • Routines and Predictability - Having routines can feel grounding, while unexpected changes may feel overwhelming.

What Is ADHD?

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is traditionally described in the medical model as a neurodevelopmental condition characterised by difficulties with attention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. This framework often emphasizes challenges, such as struggles with focus, organisation, and time management. However, a neuroaffirmative perspective offers a more holistic and empowering view, recognising ADHD as a natural variation in how some brains process information, respond to stimuli, and engage with the world.

From a neuroaffirmative standpoint, ADHD isn’t seen as a deficit but as a difference. Traits like curiosity, creativity, high energy, and an ability to hyperfocus on areas of passion are reframed as strengths. While ADHD can involve challenges—especially in some environments—these difficulties often stem from a lack of understanding or support rather than inherent flaws. A neuroaffirmative approach emphasises acceptance, accommodations, and strategies that enable ADHD individuals to harness their unique ways of thinking and thrive in a world that can sometimes feel misaligned with their needs.

How Are Autism and ADHD Related?

Autism and ADHD often overlap, and some individuals identify as both autistic and have ADHD—a combination sometimes called "AuDHD." People with AuDHD may share traits of both autism and ADHD, such as heightened sensory awareness, intense focus on interests, and challenges with executive functioning. 

Why Understanding Neurodiversity Matters

If you’re wondering whether you might be neurodivergent, it’s important to know that seeking understanding is a positive and empowering step. Recognising your neurodivergence can help you:

  • Better understand yourself and your needs.
  • Find tools and strategies to thrive.
  • Connect with a supportive neurodivergent community.

For those supporting a neurodivergent loved one, learning about neurodiversity fosters compassion and connection, helping you appreciate their unique perspective. You can read my article on supporting conversations after a discovery of neurodivergence here.

What’s Next?

If you suspect you might be autistic or have ADHD, seeking an assessment is a valuable step. A thorough evaluation can provide clarity, validate your experiences, and open doors to support and resources.

For those already diagnosed or discovering their neurodivergence, this is just the beginning of a journey to embrace your authentic self. Learning about yourself and connecting with others who share your experiences can be profoundly validating.

A Compassionate Path Forward

If you’d like help navigating the neurodivergence discovery process —whether through autism and/ ADHD assessment, post-diagnostic/discovery support, or tailored therapeutic help - I’m here for you. Together, we can explore how to embrace your neurodivergent strengths and create a life that works for you. Reach out today and let me help you on this journey.

Dr Jo Coombs BPS

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